Intimacy Boundaries Mental Health Nurses & psychiatric patients

Questions: 1.After perusing the rundown of conceivable limit infringement identified with mental medical caretakers, I have seen an attendant buy a wonderful hand created card at the cost of five dollars from a patient, to provide for her mom for her birthday. What's people's opinion about this? Do you think this is flawed as a limit infringement? 2.It is obvious that the medical attendants (particularly in psychological well-being) are confronting the quandary of the legitimacy and the impact of the certain acts,nurse restorative relationship just if such a demonstration can help and improve patients mental states and recuperation? Answers: Theme 1 Like nursing practice, in mental nursing, the attendant customer relationship shapes the establishment in rendering remedial consideration to the patient by taking into account the particular needs. It is basically founded on temperances, for example, regard, trust, confidence, conviction and expert closeness that require the fitting usage of the competency and dictator aptitudes. The relationship is kept up inside a lot of predefined limits that plainly differentiates and recognizes the contrasts among expert and helpful conduct rather than amateurish and non-restorative practices. Mental medical attendants typically takes part in continuing the remedial relationship with the customers by being deferential of the people inclinations, conditions and encounters related to predictable consistence with the physical, mental, enthusiastic, profound and social needs of the customer (Stuart 2014). Hence I feel the situation as refered to might be alluded to as a limit infringement where the medical attendant has bought an assistance from the customer to fulfill her own needs. Break of direct on the medical caretakers part is obvious as she has put her own needs in front of her customers prerequisites consequently representing abuse of her capacity and authority. Absence of expert judgment is plainly obvious as the medical caretaker neglected to decide the appropriate limitations of remedial relationship (Campbell, Yonge and Austin 2016). Subject 2 The demonstration of upholding and rendering care offices for others regularly put the nursing staff working in different settings under gigantic dangers that they need to handle. The circumstance is especially trying for the emotional well-being medical caretakers as they experience difficulty in playing out specific acts that may finish in holding troublesome results and unfavorable outcomes. The danger of enjoying inadmissible practices may radiate from in any case apparently innocuous go about as apparent by the medical attendant herself. Tough guideline and severe abidance by the expert limits are considered as protected practices to address the issue consequently maintaining a strategic distance from extraordinary conditions that may influence the patient wellbeing (McClunie-Trust 2016). The dynamic obscuring of lines among formal and casual jobs relevant to proficient affiliations is especially perilous prompting equivocalness and putting the security of both the patients and doctors in question. Consequently I feel the attendants must be progressively cautious in their quest for training and cease from perspectives that delineate uncalled for treatment to others because of preference towards one customer. Legitimate and moral consistence to the norms of training as proposed by fitting specialists can possibly resolve the issue relieving fears of all closures worried through after of uniform implicit rules (Acmhn.org 2017). References Acmhn.org, 2017. Principles of Practice. [online] Acmhn.org. Accessible at: https://www.acmhn.org/distributions/gauges of-practice [Accessed 2 Apr. 2017]. Campbell, R.J., Yonge, O. what's more, Austin, W., 2016. Closeness limits: Between psychological wellness medical attendants mental patients. Diary of psychosocial nursing and psychological well-being administrations, 43(5), pp.32-39. McClunie-Trust, P., 2016. Proficient limits how close is excessively close?. Nursing Review, 16(4), pp.26-27. Stuart, G.W., 2014. Standards and practice of mental nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Management of Information Technology Facilities Management

Question: Examine about the Management of Information Technology for Facilities Management. Answer: Presentation The significant point of this specific diary is to record the exercises just as the advancement dependent on the culmination of this particular task. So as to achieve the point of this diary, the exploration exercises that are the exercises to be actualized in HSC would be recognized just as shown in this diary. Then again, the date of the examination conversation or the action would be indicated with the assistance of this diary. Additionally, the sites visited regarding gathering data and different references got to would likewise be referenced. Finally, the time term of the movement would likewise be referenced in this diary. Research Activity This exploration is contained a few exercises of IT administration the board in HSC. the IT tea of HSC needs to discover the significance of ITSM for the organization so as to have a powerful procedures set up for overseeing IT administrations. The significant activity of the IT group of HSC is the discussion of the necessities of business into the arrangements of innovation. Then again, the group needs to proceed with the appropriation of ITIL with the procedures from the period of the administration methodology. The group would likewise examine the advantage of the usage of the administration technique. Likewise, the administration configuration procedures would be distinguished by the IT branch of HSC. They would likewise suggest the administration configuration forms with the most noteworthy need for HSC. The IT group of would be cautious about the focal points just as the drawbacks of the ISO/IEC 20000 accreditation. Date, Timeline and sites visited for the Activities The exercises would be actualized from the long stretch of July in 2016 onwards. There are a few sites those can be compelling for the IT branch of association as far as developing the whole research. The sites with the data ITSM, ITIL just as the ISO/IEC 20000 affirmation would be successful for the association. In particular, the entirety of the exercises to lead the whole research, a particular sum time would be required for the association. The examination can be proceeded for a half year. End The diary has for the most part given an outline of the exercises those are to be inquired about; the course of events to finish the exercises just as the sites from which the information sources would be assembled. From the whole conversation made in this diary, it has been certain that the examination with the exercises must be little yet minimal so the result of this exploration can be commendable for the association. Official Summary This specific report is for the most part intended to exhibit the exercises to execute ITSM in HSC by receiving ITIL. It intended to actualize the significance of ITSM for HSC to have viable procedures for dealing with the administrations or its activities. Then again, the administration methodologies of the ITIL have likewise been executed those are gainful for the IT activity the executives of HSC. What's more, the administration configuration forms have been exhibited in this report just as the high need has been set among the procedures of the administration plan. Besides, the advantages just as the downsides of the ISO/IEC 20000 affirmation for HSC have likewise been actualized and outlined in this report. Letter of Transmittal The Chairman Mr. Do Hung Viet Ho Chi Minh Securities Corporation (HSC) Vietnam Regarded Sir, This report examines the execution of ITSM in HSC, the administration procedures of the ITIL, the administration configuration forms and the advantages just as the downsides of the ISO/IEC 20000 accreditation. A short history organization foundation has likewise been exhibited in this report. It is likewise finished up with having overall population perspectives and suggestions. Yours Sincerely, Anh Diep Head of IT Presentation Data Technology Service Management alludes to the whole exercises which is for the most part coordinated by the strategies, organized just as sorted out in the supporting techniques and procedures those are performed by an organization or the piece of an organization for controlling, working, conveying and arranging IT administrations (Barafort, Di Renzo and Merlan 2012). Then again, Information Technology Infrastructure Library is set of IT administration the executives rehearses that point on its arrangement administrations with the business prerequisites (Foster and Kesselman 2013). Nonetheless, ITIL supports the International Service Management Standard or ISO/IEC 2000 for the IT administration the executives (Cox 2013). This report is for the most part planned to examine just as exhibit the basic consciousness of the Information Technology Service Management significance just as the necessity for the organizations for guaranteeing that compelling procedures are set up for dealin g with the IT frameworks noteworthy administration. This report has additionally meant to exhibit the consciousness of the commitment just as the idea of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library just as ISO/IEC 20000 as far as giving the systems of good practices for the Information Technology Service Management. Aside from that, another major and critical point of this specific report is to show the possibility just as the limit with regards to assessing just as grasping the related jobs and duties, exercises and destinations for empowering the powerful improvement, the executives just as arranging of its procedures administrations. What's more, this report on the ITSM, has likewise centered for applying the worldwide standard for the Information Technology Service Management to the contextual analysis of HSCs ITIL reception in their IT activities by consolidating the constant improvement of administration, administration activity, administration change, administration con figuration just as the administration methodology of IT. Organization Background Ho Chi Minh Securities Corporation (HSC) is the honor winning just as the main expert protections financier just as value firm in Vietnam which is one of the quickest creating economies of Asia (Anon 2016). This association for the most part conveys a far reaching rundown of the monetary administrations for the institutional just as private customers offering proficient guidance of venture sponsored by trusted just as strong research (Anon 2016). It has set up for HSC an excellent reputation to associate organizations to financial specialists and making long haul associations. Significance of ITSM at HSC Data Technology Service Management has actualized the nearness of ITSM acknowledged in both of the enormous and gigantic activities those are of worldwide measured and he developing and medium ventures too (Iden and Eikebrokk 2014). Every one of them have felt the need just as significance of it and furthermore have pursued for receiving ITSM into its usefulness (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons 2013). Notwithstanding, the issue is in the way that not a large portion of these organizations comprehend the real significance of ITSM. A large number of the endeavors have quite recently executed the Service Desk that isn't the ITSMs genuine significance (Davenport 2013). Data Technology Service Management is shown in Information Technology Infrastructure Library as the help just as conveyance of Information Technology benefits those are reasonable to the necessities of the matter of an organization (Ali, Soomro and Brohi 2013). In the event of Ho Chi Minh Securities Corporation, this associati on is an honor winning just as the main expert protections value and business endeavor in Vietnam that is one of the quickest creating economies in Asia (Schwalbe 2015). Hence, the Information Technology branch of this association underpins a large portion of the pivotal just as basic administrations of the business inside the undertaking and as such the organization was watching out for the rules of Comprehensive Service Management that HSC can receive. In this way, the association has a few exclusive standards from the Information Technology branch of HSC (Nurfaizah, Utami and Arief 2015). As a division, accordingly, HSC needed to be guaranteed that, the association was sure the venture could offer a steady stage that was prepared for any sort of projection before the business took up any large difficulties (Chauhan, Raman and Singh 2013). The matter of HSC specifically was expecting for entering the subordinates showcase sooner rather than later that would require the organization for giving a considerably progressively powerful foundation of exchanging (Hesson, Soomro and Geray 2012). The association additionally needed for guaranteeing the way that they have dealt with the progress just as easily the resulting remaining task at hand. HSC has felt it was the most significant just as down to earth direction that the association could use by assessing the system ITIL (Dahlstrom, Walker and Dziuban 2013). There are a few assistance angles because of which the association has arranged this specific system. These are as per the following, Specialized Services Information Technology Service Management centers around the administrations those are identified with the innovation in a particular region of innovation. A few perfect models would be the Windows Administration administrations, Data base administrations just as the system administrations (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons 2013). Hierarchical Services ITSM likewise centers into the job in a particular organization or in a particular organization (Davenport 2013). For an occurrence, the Operation Support Services just as the Sales Support Services are the significant and critical instances of this specific part of ITSM. Application Services ITSM likewise centers around the specific business use of the end client (Schwalbe 2015). Subsequently, the perfect and fitting models would be the Enterprise Resource Planning Services just as Email administrations. The significant significances of ITSM with regards to HSC are as per the following, Extraordinary association between the IT needs just as business Generally, t

The Best Common App Essay Prompt To Write TKG

The Best Common App Essay Prompt To Write The Common App essay prompts for the 2018-2019 college application season are out!!!  If you’re not as excited as we are, we understand. While college application season is something we look forward to every year, it’s something most students will only deal with once. The plus side of this is that college applications can be very stressful (but we can help with that). The downside is that it means that every little decision can feel like something absolutely enormous. You only have one chance (unless you transfer), so it’s easy to become crippled by indecision.The Common App essay prompt is one of the biggest culprits when it comes to tripping kids up. It’s THE essay. The only essay that every college will see; that is the cornerstone of your application, and that is one of only a handful of opportunities to show a school who you really are. So, of course, the people over at the Common App come up with 7 different prompts for you to choose from. Because that’s nice to do to you. But it’s ok because we’re going to help you wade through the pile of prompts to pick the one that is right for you.Just so you aren’t holding your breath, there really is only one prompt you should choose regardless of who you are as an applicant. That said, we want you to know why not just the what. So below we’ve listed the prompts, along with the pros and cons associated with each one. If you’d rather just get to the point, scroll down to the bottom of the list!The Prompts1. Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story.Pros: The goal of your essay is to show a piece of yourself that the admissions officers will not see otherwise. Often, your background or identity is a huge part of this.Cons: Writing an essay solely about your identity can risk a loss of storyline, scene, and narrative. The essay should not be an autobiography, and this essay prompt invites a slide into a timeline of your life.2. The lessons we take from obstacles we encounter can be fundamental to later success. Recount a time when you faced a challenge, setback, or failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience?Pros: A challenge or failure can be an awesome way of framing an essay because it shows fallibility.Cons: Picking this question is can sometimes be inviting a ‘woe is me!’ narrative that makes you seem like either a crybaby or totally un-self-aware. Writing about failure is awesome, but dwelling on failure can be depressing and unflattering.3. Reflect on a time when you questioned or challenged a belief or idea. What prompted your thinking? What was the outcome?Pros: Challenging the system is great!Cons: This question can lead students towards writing about a big issue, rather than zooming in on the small things that are more universal, but also more personal. No one likes a teena ger on a soapbox, so ranting about confronting big ideas is dangerous.4. Describe a problem you've solved or a problem you'd like to solve. It can be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma - anything that is of personal importance, no matter the scale. Explain its significance to you and what steps you took or could be taken to identify a solution.Pros: Framing your essay around a moment, like a precise challenge or research experience, can be a great strategy.Cons: This is another place where narrative can be lost in the weeds of explanations, and an essay without narrative is boring.5. Discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others.Pros: You’re awesome! We want colleges to know that!Cons: Bragging is a really really bad idea, and this prompt is like a big waving flag that says “BRAG!” all over it. You also risk repeating information that should be going in the ac tivities section of the common app.  6. Describe a topic, idea, or concept you find so engaging that it makes you lose all track of time. Why does it captivate you? What or who do you turn to when you want to learn more?Pros: This question is all about passion, and colleges want students that are passionate.Cons: If you’ve read our blog posts on Common App essays (or have just been paying attention while reading this one), we are all about narrative. This prompt is great for showing enthusiasm, but it also invites a nerd rant instead of a story.7. Share an essay on any topic of your choice. It can be one you've already written, one that responds to a different prompt, or one of your own design.DING, DING, DING - You have a winner!!! Well, sort of. #7 is your prompt, but we like to edit it a bit. You will not submit an essay you have already written. You could have written the most brilliant essay of all time, but you are not using a pre-written essay. Your essay needs to be well-w ritten, but that's the first step. It absolutely needs to show a part of yourself. This needs to be a unique piece of work.  If it’s about showing a part of yourself, why can’t you pick one of the prompts (1-6) that specifically ask you to show a piece of yourself? WELL, there are two reasons:The prompts are cramped, and you shouldn’t be. Your essay needs to be focused, but you also need room to be creative in form and structure.The prompts include clear questions that you need to answer in your essay. On the surface, this seems helpful, but it actually adds a whole new challenge on top of writing a great essay about yourself â€"you have to answer the question(s) to the tee.So what do you do? Use this prompt:“7 (revised). Share an essay on any topic of your choice. It can not be one you've already written.”Now that you have your prompt, what do you write about?YOU. You can write about a failure, you can write about a challenge, you can write about something you are complet ely obsessed with, or you can write about a tiny moment that showed you something greater. We like the last option best. You can write about anything, as long as the centerpiece of the story is you. Look for soft skills and traits you have. Think about why your friends call you when they have a problem. Dissect your morning routine for idiosyncrasies.  Wondering where to start? Check out some of our posts on essay writing, then contact us. We’re pros at this!How to Start a College Admissions EssayHow to Write a Good College Admissions Essay About YourselfHow to Write a Standout College Admissions Essay

Issues in Philippine Cinema - 5002 Words

1. What is your assessment of the state of media research in the Philippines? Choose a particular form of mass media and identify three (3) major issues and concerns besetting it. To what extent has research been made on such issues and concerns? Cite concrete cases to prove your point. The Philippine film industry, considered by many critics, producers, directors, movie workers, is either slowly but surely dying or is already dead. Notice the use of the term Philippine film industry instead of Philippine cinema. This is such for the main reason that the people who deem filmmaking in the Philippines dead, qualify their assumption based on box-office returns and the profit their movies make. Hence it is more apt to use the term film†¦show more content†¦Price of Pirated DVDs (Php) 2001 343,945,225 999 0 2002 286,243,403 850 450 2003 393,642,659 750 150 2004 286,056,735 500 80 Table 1 Rahmans major research findings on the economic damage caused by pirated DVDs to the film industry were anchored on the above table. The sharpest decline experienced by the film industry was between 2001 and 2002 with the boom and existence of DVD piracy that started in 2002. It can be deduced that the most likely decline in the income of movies was caused by the popularization of pirated DVDs that equaled the quality of legitimate ones. The introductory price for pirated DVDs were at it s highest at Php. 450 a piece, though expensive compared to current prices in Quiapo, it was still relatively cheap during 2002 compared to the pricey Php. 999 of an original version. Come 2002 to 2003, income for the film industry grew, original DVDs were also sold at cheaper prices but so was the pirated ones. Nevertheless, Rahman et al attributed this increase in income to the appointment of Ramon Ravilla Jr. as the chairperson of the Videogram Regulatiry Board, a government agency assigned to co mbat piracy. The researchers added that Revilla was considered to be hard-working and serious by his fellow-workers and news reports support these claims. Finally income for the film industry declined once more from 2003 to 2004 and at the same time the price of pirated DVDs was at its lowest being 6 times cheaper than legitimate copies. At the sameShow MoreRelatedPhilippine Independent film as a Medium for Political and Social issues5632 Words   |  23 Pagesï » ¿ PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENT FILM AS A MEDIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES AS PERCEIVED BY MSEUF PROFESSORS AND STUDENTS An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Lucena City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mass Communication by: LEANDRA L. JARDELEZA CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM: ITS BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Background of the Study Since today is a fast changingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film La Vida De Jose Rizal 2089 Words   |  9 Pages Edward Gross, one of the two American filmmakers, came up with another Rizal Movie entitled, â€Å"Noli me Tangere,† (Del Mundo, 1994). This movie, like that of â€Å"La Vida de Jose Rizal† were made and shown in the Philippines, using portable projectors in a circus tent (Avila, 2009). 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Meaning of Hima in Japanese

Hima is a Japanese word meaning time or leisure. Learn more about its pronunciation and usage in the Japanese language below. Pronunciation Listen to this audio file to hear how hima is pronounced. Meaning time; time to spare; leisure; free time; a leave (of absence) Japanese Characters 暇 㠁 ²Ã£  ¾ Example Translation Heres an example of how hima is used in a sentence: Isogashikute, shinbun o yomu hima mo nai. Ã¥ ¿â„¢Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£  ¦Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦â€" °Ã¨ Å¾Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ª ­Ã£â€šâ‚¬Ã¦Å¡â€¡Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š In English: I am too busy to read a newspaper.

Walt Disney s Theme Park - 1440 Words

July 17, 1955, marked the grand opening of Walt Disney’s first major theme park opening. Since 1955, Walt Disney’s idea of a theme park has adapted to more than just a carnival. Currently there are six Disney theme parks worldwide. The United States holds two theme parks, Disneyland Park in California and Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. China also holds two theme parks, Hong Kong Disneyland, and Disneyland Shanghai. While, Japan and Paris only hold one theme park, Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris. Each new Disney park strives to be unique, create fun attractions and serve cuisine that appeal to the citizens of its location but remain consistently classic. Disneyland Anaheim is divided into eight themed lands; Main Street†¦show more content†¦Regular tickets are one hundred and seven dollars. Value ticket prices are ninety-nine dollars and peak ticket prices are one hundred and nineteen dollars. Surprisingly, regular ticket prices at Disney World are cheaper than Disneyland ticket prices by three dollars. Disneyland Hong Kong has seven themed lands. Similarly to Disneyland Anaheim, Adventureland, Tomorrowland, Fantasyland and Main Street USA are all feature themed lands at Disneyland Hong Kong. In contrast Grizzly Gulch, Mystic point and Toy Story Land are newly created lands. Dumbo the Flying Elephant and Sleeping Beauty’s castle are classic attractions. However, Slinky Dog Spin and RC Racer are new attractions that still remain consistent with the theme of other Walt Disney parks. Significantly lower than both Disneyland Anaheim and Disney World, Disneyland Hong Kong has twenty-four restaurants. Another notable difference is the style of cuisine which is primarily Chinese or Asian. Also, ticket pricing varies by age. General admission tickets for ages twelve to sixty-four are five hundred and eighty-nine Hong Kong dollars. General admission tickets for children ages three to eleven tickets are four hundred and nineteen Hong Kong dollars. While ticket prices for senior’s ages sixty-five and over are one hundred Hong Kong dollars. It might be worthy to note that senior ticket pricesShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney Company : The World s Greatest Theme Parks1244 Words   |  5 PagesThe Walt Disney Company was founded by Walter Elias Disney in 1923. Its headquarters is located in Burbank, CA. Walt Disney is one of the best-known companies in entertainment. Most people like to believe that Disney is a company that just has some of the world’s greatest theme parks as well as cartoon and family related films with lovable characters for the whole family to enjoy. 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Yes, it is Mickey Mouse, but who was the brilliant man that created this happy little creature? II. Thesis Statement A. Walt Disney has made a significant impact to the entertainment industry with his cartoons, movies, and theme parks. III. Connect With Audience A. Walt Disney created an empire thatRead MoreDisneyland Paris ( Formerly Euro Disney )1291 Words   |  6 PagesEuro Disney) While Tokyo Disneyland is considered a great success, the Walt Disney Company’s next international theme park venture, Euro Disney, is quite the opposite. In the 1980’s with the great success of Tokyo Disneyland, TWDC entertained the idea of building another international theme park. The Walt Disney Company knew they wanted to build a park in Europe but needed to find a place where they could build their own reality free from the sights and sounds of the real world. The Walt Disney Company

Socially Useful Productive Activity free essay sample

Even my NGO (Deepalaya) had apprehensions as to how much we will be able to contribute in such a short time span. But after going through the whole exercise I can say that this course will surely be one of the highlights of my two year PGDM. SUPA helped me create a bond with Deepalaya that will definitely last a lifetime. I always wanted an NGO that is involved in education, so Deepalaya was perfect choice. Not only had it made me sensitive towards people who are underprivileged it also gave me a sense of pride of being a part of a worthy cause.It was an eye-opener to see that so many things that we take for granted are a distant dream for the majority in our country. If my work changes the life of even one child I would consider these 22 days being worth every single second. So I take this opportunity to specially thank Prof. We will write a custom essay sample on Socially Useful Productive Activity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page J. Philip, President XIME and Prof. S. D. Tyagaraj, Dean XIME for coming up with such an innovative and socially responsible course. I am surprised that XIME is the only management institute that offers such a course, after all it’s not just the corporate’ that require efficient management.In a country like ours where there is extreme inequality in the society it becomes absolutely imperative that people like us come forward and contribute in our own little way. Today management professionals are venturing into social welfare, I hope this XIME initiative gives a boost to this trend and that many more institute’ follow suit. When I pass out of XIME one and a half years from now and look back at the two years I spent here, I would rate SUPA above all the other courses that I studied. At this point I have to acknowledge a few people who made my involvement with Deepalaya fruitful; Mr. The answer came pretty quickly, it was ‘Education’. Education is the only cause that I could see myself joining because I consider it to be the difference between success and failure. In our country literacy rate is just 66%, which is way below what we are achieving for. I am not just talking about formal education but also professional as well as vocational education. These high levels of illiteracy create a workforce that is unskilled and is unable to achieve its maximum potential. It is the reason why education has been the focus of our government, with ‘Right to Education’ being a big step.Education gives you a platform from which you build a career for yourself and become a responsible citizen. ‘Money is a current asset but education is a fixed one that gives dividends in the long run’. So finding an NGO with its roots deep into education was my primary focus. Once I decided on the cause, I started searching for an NGO in Delhi/NCR which serves the cause that is close to my heart. I have been lucky to be born in a family that could afford my education. So I was looking for an organization that helps in educating people who are not so lucky.Our course outlines that we have to get in touch with that other part of society. Deepalaya fit the bill perfectly as its primary focus was on education, especially child education. Every person you educate is a small effort in making a ‘self reliant’ society, which is Deepalaya’s motto. My own background check confirmed the credibility of the NGO so I didn’t think twice about sending an application. I am glad that it was accepted and I got a chance to make good friends and contribute to the society in my own personal way. SUPA Report: Denny Thomas Page 4 About Deepalaya Vision

Lowes Case Study free essay sample

Lowe’s Company has been in business for over 60 years. The company is the second largest home improvement retailer in the world and employs more than 215,000 employees. The company’s home base is Mooresville, North Carolina. Standard Poor ranks Lowe’s as #48 . Presently, Lowe’s stock, which is identified on the New York Stock Exchange as LOW, is selling for right under $20 a share. This price has been consistent and is comparable to their biggest competitor Home Depot, Inc whose stock has remained steady at $23. Lowe’s, and other home improvement businesses, serve three types of customers; the Do-It-Yourself customer that is the individual who completes their own projects and installations. The Do-It-For-Me customer, who purchase supplies then hire third parties to complete the installation or project. Finally, there are the professional customers who are the remodeler, general contractor, repairman, small business owner and tradesmen. The slowdown of the market has affected all types if customers in the home improvement markets. We will write a custom essay sample on Lowes Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The home improvement market takes in approximately $755 billion annually. However, with the softening of the housing market, unseasonable drought and flooding, and last year’s variable mortgage interest rate hikes the industry has taken some hits. Although mortgage rates are decreasing, high gas prices has caused a recession and overall sales has decreased. California and Florida, which bring in a large portion of sales, experienced the biggest declines in home prices and the most pronounced slowdown in housing turnover. With that said, Lowe’s company was still able to report $48. 3 billion in net sales. An analysis of the financial statements and financial prospects of Lowe’s Company was performed on the last two years (2007 and 2008). Financial statements which include the balance, income and cash flow statements for Lowe’s Company and Home Depot, Inc. were obtained to perform the financial analysis to see if Lowe’s is a worthy investment. When comparing Lowe’s against Home Depot, their most closely matched competitor, Lowe’s comes ahead in long term debt to equity ratio with 34. 6% whereas Home Depot has a negative outlook on long term debt with debt accounting for 64. % of total liabilities. This and other factors are defined more closely in the financial statement analysis. According to Fortune 500, Lowe’s is still closing the gap with competitor Home Depot, whose dissatisfied customers were defecting. A Company subsidiary, Lowe’s HIW, Inc. , is a defendant in a lawsuit, for allegedly failing to pay overtime wages pursuant to the requirements of the California Labor Code. Though this lawsuit has been filed since 2001, and is in the early stages of class action proceedings, the Company has not estimated the range of loss that may arise from this claim. II. Industry Summary Lowe’s Company is identified under the Standard Industrial Classification code 5211. SIC 5211 is Lumber and other Building Material industry. This industry is engaged in selling lumber and building materials. Hardware is one of the most important items sold. Lumber and building companies that do not sell to the public are classified as Wholesale Trade, Industry Group 503. Lowe’s closest competitor is Home Depot, Inc. Home Depot is the worlds largest home improvement retailer and the second largest retailer in the United States (U. S. ), based on Net Sales for the fiscal year ended February 3, 2008. Home Depot is ranked #22 by the SP. Their home base is in Atlanta Georgia. Home Depot had 2,234 stores at the end of 2007 with plans to open 87 new stores in 2008. Home Depot has over 284 stores overseas to include 165 stores in Canada and 12 stores in China. In 2007 Home Depot sold HD Supply, the company received net proceeds of $8. 3 billion and recognized a loss of $4 million Home Depot also signed a $1. 0 billion guaranteed senior secured loan of HD Supply. Also, in connection with the sale, they purchased a 12. % equity interest in the newly formed HD Supply for $325 million . HD Supply serves customers in the Infrastructure Energy market which includes services in building and maintaining water systems, oil refineries and petrochemical plants, and for the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power. Home Depot identified HD on their Consolidated Statement of Earning for discontinued operations. In 2007, Home Depot showed $431 million in profits from HD Supply. Since the selling of HD Supply the Company acquired Ohio Water Waste Supply, Inc. and Geosynthetics, Inc. These acquisitions operated were under HD Supply and were included in the disposition. The aggregate purchase price for acquisitions in fiscal 2007, 2006 and 2005 was $25 million, $4. 5 billion and $2. 6 billion, respectively, including $3. 5 billion for Hughes Supply in fiscal 2006. The home improvement retailer was hit with a double whammy last year: a housing market downturn and customer service problems that have plagued the company for years. Also on the companys to-do list: preventing patrons from fleeing to competitor Lowes, which has been chipping away at HDs lead. In-store makeovers were a start, and the company also has been seeking skilled workers to replace inexperienced part-timers whod previously been hired to help cut costs. As stated earlier, the home improvement industry takes in $755 billion annually. However, due to the softening of the housing market and declining home sales, companies in this industry has had to change their focus to continue to entice customers. A busy real estate market and rising house values encourage buyers, sellers and existing homeowners to invest more in their home. This has prompted advertisements and promotions by both Lowe’s and Home Depot to get their customers to concentrate on improving the home they have. Lowe’s Company shows a family getting keys made, with the slogan, â€Å"At heart we’re still a neighborhood store,† this is their attempt to concentrate on the big and small offerings. Home Depot’s approach to getting customers in the store has been its newest paint line. Both stores has launched aggressive campaigns on do-it-yourself projects, and selling of patio furniture in an attempt to turn backyards into an extension of the home. This has been a major change for the two competitors, since 2000, both have doubled the number of stores they have. However, with existing home sales falling 2. 2% from November to December, and sales were down 23. 4% from the year before. With the problems from Fannie and Freddie Mac and the scandals in the banking industries the housing market will continue to remain soft. This may play into the favor of home industries market. SP is still optimistic about a mild, but long, recession. Their web site stated the housing market started showing signs of life in June. Some improvements to the economy were due to the stimulus checks being received earlier than expected and spent more quickly than expected. This also boosted the economy. In the first quarter of 2008, Lowe’s sales were down -1. 3% from the same time last year, however net sales were $12 billion dollars . This indicates Lowe’s in on track to have a successful year, with the current home mortgage markets. Home Depot did not fare as well with sales reported for the first quarter at $17. 9 billion but were down 3. 4%. Home Depot also had to take steps back and reevaluate their rationale to ontinue opening up new stores. According to the CEO, Frank Blake, stores not expected to meet targeted returns were taken out of the pipeline. And, ‘By not building them, well free up approximately $1 billion in cash over the next three years to invest in maintenance, merchandising resets and other areas within our existing stores. On a comparable level and based from Lowe’s and Home Depot’s 2007 financial report Table 11 illustrates the bulk of the products sold by both stores. Lowe’s has an advantage in sales in Plumbing, electrical, kitchen, hardware and seasonal items. Home Depot has the advantage in sales in building materials, lumber, millwork, paint and flooring. Both companies’ give back to the community. Lowe’s recently gave the lake Norman Student Athlete Association a secured $25,000 grant to improve fields for the youth recreation leagues . Home Depot just closed the second quarter of their Housing Impact grant program. The Housing Impact Grants is designed to assist nonprofit organizations whose project involves affordable housing built responsibly in a timely manner. III. Financial Statement Analysis Table 1, is Lowe’s Company’s Consolidated Balance Statement. Cash and cash equivalents decreased for 2007 by . 4%. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits and short-term investments with three months or less maturity. Payments from financial institutions for payment by credit card and debit card transactions process within two business days and are classified as cash and cash equivalents. This is significant because $1. 7 billion were received in credit/debit payments in 2007. Home Depot’s accounts receivable was $1. 2 billion for 2007 . Property increased . 9% in 2007; this was due to the 153 stores that were opened and the equipment to go along with it. In June 2007, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Amended Facility) which modified the previous loan agreement and extending the maturity date to June 2012. This provided up to $1. 75 billion that could be borrowed at 5. 41%. As of February1, 2008, there was $1. 0 billion outstanding under the commercial paper program. In September 2007, the Company issued $1. 3 billion of unsecured senior notes which breaks down into $550 million maturing in September 2012, $250 million maturing in September 2017 and $500 million maturing in September 2037. During 2007, the Company repurchased 76. 4 million shares at a total cost of $2. 3 billion (of which $1. 9 billion was recorded as a reduction in retained earnings , after capital in excess of par value was depleted). As of February 1, 2008, the total remaining authorization under the share repurchase program was $2. 2 billion. Table 2, illustrates the Consolidated Statement of Earnings for Lowe’s Company. Overall, sales increased 2. 9% to $48. 3 billion in 2007 . There were minor variances to net sales for overall percentage between 2007 and 2007. There was just a -0. 8% decrease in Net earnings than in 2006. Areas that showed the biggest variance in percentages were selling, general and administrative expenses at 1% increase in 2007 and store opening cost which just increased by . 3%. Pretax earnings were the most significant with 1. 4% decrease in 2007. Opening the 153 stores in 2007 accounted for most of the increase in sales. There was an overall decline in store sales by 5. 1%. The categories that performed above our average comparable store sales change included rough plumbing, lawn landscape products, hardware, paint, lighting, nursery, fashion plumbing and appliances . For 2007, the gross margin was 34. 4% represented a 12-basis-point increase over 2006. This leverage was partially offset by de-leverage of13 basis points in transportation costs primarily attributable to rising fuel costs. Store opening costs included payroll and supply costs prior to store opening as well as grand opening advertising costs that totaled $141 million in 2007, which was less than the $146 million in 2006. Table 3, identifies the Company’s cash flow statement for the last two years. Throughout the cash flow statements there are variances. Accounts payable has the largest individual variance with an 11. % decrease. However, the annual report states the company entered into a customer managed service agreement which will provide an accounts payable tracking system. This gives the suppliers the ability to finance payment obligations from the Company with designated third-party financial institutions. The Company’s goal with this endeavor is to enter into ‘arrangement is to capture overall supply chain savings, in the form of pricing, payment terms or vendor funding, created by facilitating suppliers’ ability to finance payment obligations at more favorable discount rates, while providing them ith greater working capital flexibility. . As of February 1, 2008, the Company had placed $77 million of payment obligations on the accounts payable tracking system, and participating suppliers had financed $48 million of those payment obligations to participating financial institutions. During 2007, the Company repurchased 76. 4 million shares at a total cost of $2. 3 billion (of which $1. 9 billion was recorded as a reduction in retained earnings, after capital in excess of par value was depleted) . As a result there was a 537% increase in repurchase of common stock between 2006 and 2007. IV. Cost of Capital Table 6 has the formula that was used to come up with the Weighted Average Cost of Capital for 2006. Cost of Debt: According to Lowe’s annual report, their income tax rate for 2007 was 37. 7% and 37. 9% in 2006 . The decrease in the effective tax rate was due to increased federal tax credits associated with Welfare to Work and Work Opportunity Tax Credit programs. Lowe’s long term debt totaled $5. 5 billion in 2007 and $4. 3 billion in 2006. The overall cost of debt for Lowe’s in 2006 was 14. 4%. Cost of preferred stock: The Company has 5. 0 million ($5 par value) authorized shares of preferred stock, none of which have been issued. Cost of common stock: Authorized shares of common stock were 5. 6 billion ($. 50 par value) at February 1, 2008 and February 2, 2007. Dividend per shares for 2006 were $. 18 and total market value was $29. 97 per Lowe’s Company 2007 annual report page 48 under dollars per share (Weighted average shares, assuming dilutions). Common stock for 2006 was . 6%. Weighted Average cost of capital for 2006 was 7. 5%. This answer came from dividing the cost of debt and cost of stock by 2 to calculate the WACC since preferred stock was not issued. Table 7 illustrates the New cost of Capital. Weighted Average cost of capital for 2007 was calculated using the same references mentioned for computing the WACC of 2006. The Cost of Debt for 2007 was computed by using 38% tax and $5. 5B for long term debt. The cost of debt for 2007 was 11. 3. The cost of common stock was computed by taking DPS and dividing it by 31. 98 which was the market value for 2007. It computed to . %. The weighted average cost of capital for 2007 was 6. 1%. V. Capital Structure and Dividend Policy For Fiscal Year 2007, Lowe’s capital structure was made up of 47. 9% debt and 52. 1% common stock. Table 1 show the breakdown based on the information provided by the Company’s annual report. This is actually a 4. 5% increase in liabilities since the previous year. The Company has not issued its 5. 0 million shares of preferred stock. During February 2, 2007 and February 1, 2008, 5. 6 billion shares of common stock were authorized ($. 50 par value). The board of directors has authorized up to $2 and $3 billion in share repurchases for the next two years. Shares purchased under the share repurchase program are retired and returned to authorized and unissued status. During 2007, the Company repurchased 76. 4 million shares at a total cost of $2. 3 billion (of which $1. 9 billion was recorded as a reduction in retained earnings, after capital in excess of par value was depleted).. This is reflected on Table 1 with a -6. 3% variation. On May 30, of this year Lowes provided notice through The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A. , as trustee, to the holders of its outstanding convertible notes issued in February 2001 and its outstanding senior convertible notes issued in October 2001, of its election to redeem all outstanding convertible notes and senior convertible notes. Lowes has approximately $579 million aggregate principal amount of senior convertible notes outstanding and approximately $20 million aggregate principal amount of convertible notes outstanding. Lowe’s planned to redeem all senior convertible notes issued in October 2001 outstanding on June 30, 2008 at $875. 3 per note. VI. Stock Recommendations Compared to stock prices in June of 2007, which were an average price of $33. 03, stocks have taken a major dive by 60%. Reuters and yahoo finance recommends to hold on to your stock. The recommendation is the same for Home Depot who has experienced almost the exact fall in the stock. Table 14, which is provided by yahoo. finance illustrates the last 6 months of 2008. On the graph it is obvious that the company’s reaction to the stock market is exactly the same for this industry. If you do not have Lowe’s stock, I suggest monitoring it. Reuters has already projected the recession to worsen. Once the price drops lower I suggest buying it. I don’t recommend buying Home Depot stock at this time however. Their total liability is 60% in debt . If the recession takes a turn for the worst, Home Depot may experience problems with meeting their long term debt obligations. And, they may have problems receiving payments due to their high rate of account receivables. Lowe’s is a stock to watch and a Company that will be around.

List of the Largest Cities in India

List of the Largest Cities in India India is one of the largest countries in the world, with a population of 1,210,854,977  as of the  countrys 2011 census, which predicts that the population will rise to higher than 1.5 billion in 50 years. The country is formally called the Republic of India, and it occupies most of the Indian subcontinent in the southern portion of Asia. It is second in total population only to China. India is the worlds largest democracy and is one of the worlds fastest-growing countries. The country has a fertility rate of 2.46; for context, a replacement fertility rate (no net change in a countrys population) is 2.1. Its growth is attributed to  urbanization and increasing levels of literacy, though it  is, however, still considered a developing nation.   India covers an area of 1,269,219 square miles (3,287,263 sq km) and  is divided into 28 different states and seven union territories. Some of the capitals of these states and territories are the largest cities in both India and the world. The following is a list of the top 20 largest metropolitan areas in India, as of the countrys 2011 census.   India's Largest Metropolitan Areas 1) Mumbai: 18,414,288State: Maharashtra2) Delhi: 16,314,838Union Territory: Delhi 3) Kolkata: 14,112,536State: West Bengal 4) Chennai: 8,696,010State: Tamil Nadu 5) Bangalore: 8,499,399State: Karnataka6) Hyderabad: 7,749,334State: Andhra Pradesh7) Ahmedabad: 6,352,254State: Gujarat8) Pune: 5,049,968State: Maharashtra9) Surat: 4,585,367State: Gujarat 10) Jaipur: 3,046,163State: Rajasthan11) Kanpur: 2,920,067State: Uttar Pradesh12) Lucknow: 2,901,474State: Uttar Pradesh13) Nagpur: 2,497,777State: Maharashtra 14) Indore: 2,167,447State: Madhya Pradesh15) Patna: 2,046,652State: Bihar 16) Bhopal: 1,883,381State: Madhya Pradesh 17) Thane: 1,841,488State: Maharashtra 18) Vadodara:  1,817,191State: Gujarat 19) Visakhapatnam:  1,728,128State: Andhra Pradesh 20) Pimpri-Chinchwad: 1,727,692 State: Maharashtra India's Largest Cities Proper When city population does not include the outlying metropolitan area, the ranking is slightly different, though the top 20 are still the top 20, no matter how you slice it.  But its useful to know if the figure youre searching for is the city itself or the city plus its suburbs and which figure is represented in the source you find.   1) Mumbai:  12,442,373 2) Delhi:  11,034,555 3) Bangalore:  8,443,675 4) Hyderabad:  6,731,790 5) Ahmedabad:  5,577,940 6) Chennai:  4,646,732 7) Kolkata:  4,496,694 8) Surat:  4,467,797 9) Pune:  3,124,458 10) Jaipur:  3,046,163 11) Lucknow:  2,817,105 12) Kanpur:  2,765,348 13) Nagpur:  2,405,665 14) Indore:  1,964,086 15) Thane:  1,841,488 16) Bhopal:  1,798,218 17) Visakhapatnam:  1,728,128 18) Pimpri-Chinchwad:  1,727,692 19) Patna:  1,684,222 20) Vadodara:  1,670,806 2015 Estimates The CIA World Factbook lists more current estimates (2015) for the five largest metropolitan areas:  New Delhi  (capital), 25.703 million; Mumbai, 21.043 million; Kolkata, 11.766 million; Bangalore, 10.087 million; Chennai, 9.62 million; and Hyderabad, 8.944 million.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Philosophy - Essay Example While there is a general dictionary understanding of a gadfly, when examining the lives of Socrates, Martin Luther King, and Malcolm X, one can view their thematic similarities and come to understand the definition of gadfly incarnate. In these regards, all men share a similar propensity towards upsetting the status quo. In the case of Socrates it was through his influence on the Athenian youth that upset the upper level powers that ultimately put him to death. In the instances of Dr. King and Malcom X they work towards upsetting the status quo through fighting, albeit in different ways, for equal rights. In letters from a Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr. speaks of a creative tension that must exist for true social progress to occur. In discussing this creative tension, King has been addressing criticism he has received for protests in which took part in with which he has been imprisoned for. The general theme of his letter is addresses the reasons for this non-violent protest . When he reaches the part that refers to creative tension, he is actually referring to the necessity of protest to bring individuals to the negotiating table. This is in essence the creative tension that king is referring to; it is not a violent way of sparking negotiation or change, but a non-violent yet direct means of creatively producing tension in the social environment so that political powers will take notice and engage in meaningful discussion. C) Creative tension is demonstrated in both the lives of Socrates and Martin Luther King Jr. As is noted above, Martin Luther King’s understanding of creative tension is non-violent protest that leads to the implementation of social change. In ‘Letters from a Birmingham Jail’ King brilliantly elucidates his stance on this issue as he demonstrates the reasons behind his engaging in the non-violent protest, One of the basic points in your statement is that the action that I and my associates have taken in Birmingham is untimely. Some have asked: "Why didn't you give the new city administration time to act?" The only answer that I can give to this query is that the new Birmingham administration must be prodded about as much as the outgoing one, before it will act. We are sadly mistaken if we feel that the election of Albert Boutwell as mayor will bring the millennium to Birmingham (King). Here King is demonstrating that the protest was necessary to so that the mayor would agree to negotiate. In Socrates, one sees a slightly different incarnation of creative tension. Both Socrates and Dr. King demonstrate a willingness to challenge society based on a belief that there are aspects of the social order that must be overturned to enact a more fair and balanced means of existence. In the Apology, Socrates states, For know that this is the command of God; and I believe that no greater good has ever happened in the state than my service to the God. For I do nothing but go about persuading you all, old and young alike, not to take thought for your persons or your properties, but first and chiefly to care about the greatest improvement of the soul (Plato 30a). In these regards, Socrates version of creative tension is much more closely linked to a belief in a higher state of consciousness that must be followed rather than the constructs of the social order. While Socrates is speaking to society at large, his message of creative tension is ultimately a more personal one. Socrates is indicating that one should improve their soul and follow this path to genuine existence and knowledge even at the cost of death. D) When considering Malcolm X, one notes that his ultimate goal is similar to Dr. King’s in that both men desire equal rights for the races. With Malcolm X, the main difference is his extremity, as he believes this should be achieved at all costs, even violence. His rational for this is related to historical precedent, as he points to the bloodshed that was lost in the Re volutionary War over achieving equal rights, and argues that similar steps must be

Critical analysis of the report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical analysis of the report - Case Study Example 2. The research conducted (and what type of study) An ergonomic study was conducted by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) on the rangers of Yellow Stone Park. Several tests were used such as the Rhythmic Test, Tremor Test, and the Vibroactile Test, to determine the reason why the rangers are experiencing musculoskeletal disorders and to find a way to prevent this kind of disorder. The first test used was the Rhythmic test. This test is used to determine the reaction time and coordination on the right and left hands. The rhythmic tests required the participants to tap a circular pad (4–inch diameter) in time with a steady metronome beat (1.0 Hertz [Hz] slow test, 2.5 Hz fast test), either alternating palm side of hand to back of hand (supination/pronation) or tapping with the index finger. At the end of the test administration a numerical coordination index is calculated, which can be compared to the normal coordination index (CI) range provided with the test battery documentation (NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report, Yellow Stone Park, 2001). With this data, the reaction time and hand coordination of the rangers can be easily compared to the normal reaction time index. The difference will determine the effect of the vibrations experienced while riding a snowmobile on hand coordination. The second test used was the Tremor Test. This test used the Tremor 3.0 software for data analysis. The data collected were: (1) Tremor intensity, often called amplitude or vibration power, calculated as the root–mean–square (RMS), measured in meters per second per second (m/s2) of acceleration in the 0.9 to 15 Hz band during the 8–second test; (2) Center frequency, which is the average frequency of acceleration in the test band, so that 50% of the energy that drives the tremor is produced at frequencies above the center frequency and 50% is produced below; (3) Tremor Index, calculated for each hand from five parameters (e. g., tremor intensity, center frequency, standard deviation of the center frequency, harmonic index, and standard deviation of the harmonic index.); and (4) Combined index for both hands (NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report, Yellow Stone Park, 2001). This test measures the vibrations experienced by the rangers in riding the snowmobiles and the intensity of the vibration that will likely cause the musculoskeletal disorder. The third test used is the Vibroactile Sensitivity test. This test was selected to determine the effect of the hand–arm vibration produced by snowmobiles on vibration perception thresholds. The test device used was the Bruel & Kj?r Model 96–27 Vibrometry System. This fully automated system produces a mechanical stimulus (sinusoidal vibration) at a chosen frequency to the pulp of a finger tip; the participant indicates perception of the vibration by means of a hand–held button similar to that used in a hearing test. The software was configured to test vibration at four frequencies: 31.5 Hz, 125 Hz, 250 Hz, and 500 Hz. Participants placed their right arm on an ascending armrest with the palm lying open on a circular pad, allowing the fingers to hang freely above the vibrating post. The test finger was then placed on the vibrating post with the finger slightly curved and resting lightly on the post. Participants controlled the intensity of vibration with the hand–held button, tracking back and forth between levels of stimulus perception and

Classical Theory of International Trade

Classical Theory of International Trade The purpose of this chapter is to review the existing body of knowledge about foreign direct investment and the studies on strategies adopted to attract FDI. It attempts to present a summary of the relevant theories, hypotheses and schools of thought that contribute to the understanding and fundamental motivation of FDI flows. An exploration of these theories will assist in the study and it will support arguments to be used in empirical estimation and discussion. Additionally the aim of this chapter is to review the theoretical approaches to the determinants of FDI, also known as private foreign investment. Various theories have been developed since the World War II to explain FDI. These theories state that a number of determinants both at micro and macro level could explain FDI flows in a particular country or a particular region. Various studies have also been published on the assessment of the key determinants of FDI. However, there is no general agreement insofar, especially that in different context, specific factors may vary significantly in their degree of importance as regards to FDI. 2.2 Definition of FDI Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a category of investment that reflects the objective of establishing a lasting interest by a resident enterprise in one economy (direct investor) in an enterprise (direct investment enterprise) that is resident in an economy other than that of the direct investor. The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise. The direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise resident in one economy by an investor resident in another economy is evidence of such a relationship (OECD, year 2008 Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment 4th Edition). The Benchmark Definition is fully compatible with the underlying concepts and definitions of the International Monetary Funds (IMF) Balance of Payments and International Investment Positions Manual, 6th edition (BPM6) and the general economic concepts set out by the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). In accordance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developments (OECD) Benchmark Definition, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is said to be an investment which entails a long duration equation and is an indication of sustained interest and authority by a hosted firm in an economy (foreign direct investor or origin firm) in a firm hosted in a country other than that of the foreign direct investor (FDI firm or associated firm of foreign affiliate). FDI entails both the initial dealing between two enterprises and all following money dealing between them and amid the associated firm, both integrated and non-integrated (OECD, 2008). The concept of FDI took prominence in 1962 following the publication of an article- Development Alternatives in an Open Economy by Hollis Chenery and Michael Bruno wherein a two-gap analysis of capital requirements was formulated. They pointed out that foreign investment apart from foreign aid and foreign trade was important to fill the resource gap needed to finance economic development especially for countries where their imports exceed their exports. FDI stimulates larger flows of private capital for the development of the recipient countries. Increase in FDI is not enough. It must ensure that the said increase is meeting the development objectives of the recipient countries. FDI must go beyond private while government must ensure that risks are not too high or the return on investment is not too low. Being given that private capital offers some special advantages over public capital, there must be a mutual interest for both private foreign investors and the host country. The latt er will have to assist in securing information on investment opportunities and establish economic overhead facilities such as industrial estates, protective tariffs, exemption from import duties and tax concessions schemes. 2.3 Theories of FDI Over the past few decades, extensive research have been conducted on the behaviour of multinational firms and determinants of FDI and many authors have put forward various theories (and complementary) to explain them. Theories and contexts that are being developed are challenging established facts, systems and knowledge bases. Though many theories have been developed to explain various dimensions of FDI, the current chapter will endeavour to examine the following paradigms considering the scope of the present study namely: the classical international trade theory, the neoclassical location theory, the market imperfection theory, the OLI paradigm and Porters Diamond theory. Broadly speaking the theories could be classified as international trade theories dealing with comparative advantage for nations to go for trade and foreign direct investment theories relating to corporate advantage for foreign corporations  entering the host countries. 2.3.1 Classical Theories of International Trade The concept of FDI cannot be disassociated with the basis of why countries trade and the latter has been pioneered by the famous classicists namely Adam Smith (1776) with his Absolute Advantage theory and David Ricardo (1819) with his Comparative Advantage theory of trade. Adam Smith, the founder of economic theory, was the first to broach in Wealth of Nations that business would grow internationally for real economic growth. Both Smith and Ricardo concluded that countries would benefit from international trade if they have an absolute and comparative advantage in those products that they would be exporting and they should import those goods for which they have an absolute and comparative disadvantage. Consequently they were of the opinion that there should be complete specialisation by the countries involved in international trade based on the same principle as that of division of labour. They based their reasoning on the labour theory of value. The labour theory of value states that the value or price of a commodity is equal to or can be inferred from the amount of labour time going into the production of the goods. It, however, assumes that labour is the only factor of production and that it is also homogeneous. Because of these restrictive assumptions, the labour theory of value was contested and replaced by the opportunity cost advantage propounded by G.Haberler in 1936. The latter emphasised more on how a country has a comparative advantage rather than on what are the determinants of comparative advantage. It says that the cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be given up in order to release just enough factors of production or resources to be able to produce one additional unit of the first  commodity. Consequently labour will not be the only factor of production and will not be homogeneous. 2.3.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) Theory The HO theory also known as factor endowment model was put forward by Heckscher (1919) and Ohlin (1933) and was among the modern theories of international trade showing the causes of international trade. Adam Smith and David Ricardo remained silent on the causes of trade and on how trade affects factor prices and the distribution of income in each of the trading nations. The HO theorem postulates that each nation will export the commodity intensive in its  relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factors of production. It implies that a country must have the necessary resources to export goods. Some of the assumptions of the model again act as its own limitations on its effectiveness namely when it comes to free trade with no transport costs, tastes are similar across countries, perfect competition in factor and commodity markets, factors immobility internationally, use of same technology in the production of the two goods andtwo factors of production and two countries model (2x2x2 model). There has been extensions to the HO model namely through the Stolper-Samuelson model (1949) and Rybczynski theorem (1955). These theorems postulate that trade leads to the equalisation of relative and absolute factor prices between nations so that there will be internationalisation of prices and wages based on still the restrictive assumptions as those under the HO model. As Faeth (2009) and Seetanah and Rojid (2011) highlight, the first explanations of FDI were based on the models propounded by Heckscher-Ohlin (1933), according to which FDI was motivated by higher profitability in foreign markets with the possibility to finance these investments at relatively low rates of interest in the host country. Ohlin also observed that availability and securing sources of raw materials, flexible and business friendly trade policies as well as accessibility and availability of factors of production were the components influencing FDI inflows into the country. 2.3.3 Modern International Trade Theories There have been empirical tests concerning the traditional trade theories namely the Ricardian and HO models. Some tests have gone according to the theories while others have disproved them. For instance Sir Donald MacDougall in 1951 tested the Ricardian theory using the 1937 data for the USA and UK for 25 industry groups whereby it was found that US wages were twice as those for UK resulting in the USA being capital intensive while UK being labour intensive. However, according to Dougall there is incomplete specialisation as opposed to complete specialisation proposed in the Ricardian model. This is based on the fact that tastes are different, products are non-homogeneous, transport costs matter and industry groups are highly aggregated where we can have different model for a particular products like cars and cigarettes. The USA may have comparative advantage in cars but this does not prevent the UK from exporting one or two different models. Sir Donald MacDougall has also in 1960 talked about the benefits and costs associated with private investment from abroad. He pointed out that an increase in FDI will lead to an increase in real income based on the fact that value added to output by foreign capital is greater than the amount appropriated by the foreign investor as foreign capital raises overall productivity in the host country. With FDI, social returns are far greater than private returns based, inter alia, on the  following: (a) Domestic labour having a higher real wages; (b) Consumers having better choice with lower prices; (c) Host Government getting higher tax revenue; (d) Realisation of external economies of scale; (e) An alternative to labour migration from the poor country; (f) Increase in managerial ability and technical personnel; (g) Transfer of technology and innovation in products; and (h) Serving as a stimulus for additional domestic investment. However, Sir Dougall also warned that there is need for the host country to have the right additional public expenditure as foreign investors are likely to be less interested in receiving an exemption after a profit is made than in being sure of a profit in the first instance. Wassily Leontief tested the HO theory in 1951 and 1956 and found that the USA imports competing were about 30% more capital intensive than its exports. Since the USA was the most capital abundant nation, this result was the opposite of what the HO theory predicted and this became known as the Leontief paradox. Although subsequently the Leontief paradox was partly resolved in the 1980s, it led to the spring ball of modern theories of trade namely Linders thesis (Similar Preference Model or Spillover Theory), Posners Model (Technological Gap Model or Innovation -Imitation Model) in 1961 and the Product Cycle theory of Vernon in 1966. The HO model is inappropriate in explaining trade between countries with the same level of development while with the Spillover theory especially concerning manufactured goods, industrialised countries which have similar factor abundant can trade together. The Linders thesis rests on the belief that a country will export a particular commodity if it has a domestic market for the goods. In fact, domestic market is exploited first. If there are economies of scale in the domestic market, there will be a cost advantage to make export possible. Goods will be exported to countries with similar tastes and similar level of development so that trade will take place with countries of similar living standards. The technological gap theory is typical for the industrialised countries. It states that new products are likely to emerge in the market as a result of innovation. At first production is made for the domestic market. Then firms which bring forth these products have economic rent so that they have strong monopoly position. This makes it easier to tap international market. But this product in question is imitated overseas after some time period. Therefore, there is a shift in comparative advantage. So, we can say that there is an innovation-imitation process. We talk of technological gap because there is a gap between the country which invent the product and those which imitate them. The product life cycle model is an extension of the technological gap model. It states that any product moves through different stages or cycles and comparative advantage keeps shifting during these stages. There are four stages namely: Stage I New product for domestic market only Stage II If product is successful, there is overseas demand so that exportation will be possible Stage III Exports decline because overseas firms produce the goods due to innovation-imitation theory Stage IV Because of comparative advantage, the second country export the product to the first country, that is, the latter will start importing the goods which only a few years back was exporting it. Vernon (1966) explained that FDI will occur when the product enters its mature stage in the product life cycle hypothesis. Vernon (1979) re-examined his own theory and came to the conclusion that the cycle has shortened considerably whereby multinational companies are now more geographically diffused. 2.3.4 Market Imperfections Theories The suggestion that FDI is a product of market imperfection was first discussed by Hymer (1976). He also confirms that investment abroad involves high costs and risks inherent to the drawbacks faced by multinationals because they are foreign. The model was later extended by Caves (1971) and Buckley and Casson (1976) into the internationalisation theory. Hymer shifted the theory of FDI out of the neoclassical international trade theories and into industrial organization (the study of market imperfections). He also argued that there are two factors motivating FDI, namely: (i) the attempt to reduce and/or remove international competition among firms; and (ii) the desire of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) to increase their returns from the utilization of their special advantages. Foreign firms face disadvantages compared to domestic firms, mainly due to the extra costs of doing business in an alien territory and given the information on cost disadvantages, a foreign firm will engage in FDI activity only if it enjoys offsetting advantages such as superior/newer technology, better products or simply firm-level economies of scale. Buckley and Casson (1976) talked about the internalization theory of foreign direct investment. An important pre-requisite for internalisation whether being executed vertically or horizontally, is the existence of an imperfect market. They stated that there are two ways in which a firm can internalise namely by replacing a contractual relationship with unified ownership and secondly by internalising an advantage such as production knowledge through the establishment of a market where there is initially an absent of the said market. Together with the internalisation theory, there is the transaction cost theory put forward by Williamson (1975). He investigated whether a firms transactions are governed by hierarchy or the market. He identified three dimensions to this problem, namely (i) the frequency with which a transaction occurs; (ii) asset specificity; and (iii) uncertainty in the presence of uncertainty and also as uncertainty increases, it is better to govern through a hierarchy rather than through the market and vice versa. Caves (1982) also developed the rationale for horizontal integration (specialised intangible assets with low marginal costs of expansion) and vertical integration (reduction of uncertainty and building of barriers to entry). 2.3.5 The OLI Paradigm John Dunning (1988) in his Explaining International Production proposed an eclectic paradigm also known as the ownership-location-internalisation (OLI) paradigm. The OLI paradigm argued that FDI activity is determined by a composite of three sets of forces namely: Foreign firms enjoying ownership advantages in the form of better technology, product quality, or simply brand name, and other organizational knowledge that are not available to local firms. In other words, it refers to the competitive advantages which firms of one country possess over firms of another country in supplying a particular market or set of markets through product differentiation. These advantages may accrue either from the firms privileged ownership of assets or from their ability to co-ordinate these assets (common management strategy with a global scanning capacity) with other assets across national boundaries in a way that benefits them relative to their competitors;   Foreign firms can benefit from location advantages. This will make FDI activity more profitable than exporting. Examples can be: availability of cheap labour or other factors of production; market size, lower transportation cost, and trade barriers. This refers to the extent to which firms choose to locate value-adding activities outside their national jurisdictions; Foreign firms may seek internalisation advantages which arise when ownership advantages are best exploited internally rather than when offered to other firms through contractual arrangements, i.e. franchising, management contract etc. In other words, we here refer to the extent to which firms perceive it to be in their best interests to internalise foreign markets for the generation and/or use of their assets with a view to add value to them and reduce the high information costs. The significance of the eclectic paradigm, however, varies across industries, countries and firms. Another problem with the eclectic paradigm is that each of the Ownership, Location and Internalisation variables tends to be interdependent. For instance, a firms response to the independent locational variables may influence its ownership advantages and also its willingness to internalise markets. This is well known as the problem of multicollinearity among exogenous variables which can reduce the empirical validity of the model. 2.3.6 Porters Diamond Theory Porters Diamond Theory (1990) emphasises global patterns of FDI based on different country characteristics. He explained why certain countries tend to become leaders in some activities by using examples of sophisticated industries. According to him, firms that have successfully globalised their production activities have done so because of their ability to carry their home-based advantages in foreign market. Taking from the shape of a diamond, Porter (1990) maps out that there are four endogenous variables that would affect the decision of the multinational firms to compete internationally. These factors are: Factor conditions the countrys position in terms of factors of production such as infrastructure and skilled labour necessary to compete in a given industry; Demand conditions the nature of home demand for the industrys product or service; Related and supporting industries the presence or absence in the country of supplier industries and related industries that is internationally competitive; and Firm strategy, structure and rivalry the conditions in the country governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry. The role of government and chance are taken as exogenous variables in the model which can influence to a great extent any of the four endogenous variables. Government policy can either impede or help a firms progress and innovation. Chance events can come in the form of technological advancements that create a national competitive advantage for a firm. Porter (1990) stated that different dynamics may exist between the endogenous and exogenous variables, depending on what drives FDI flows namely factor-driven, innovation-driven and wealthdriven. The factor-driven and innovation-driven can be associated with continuous improvement of a countrys competitive advantages that contribute to the development of an economy. On the other hand, the wealth-driven cause can be associated with stagnation and continuous decline that perpetuate a countrys declining economy. The components identified by Porter (1990) are to some extent similar to the host-country characteristics that Dunning (1988) ou tlined in his OLI paradigm. 2.4 Determinants of FDIs Empirical Survey There has been an extensive body of empirical studies trying to explain why some countries were more successful than others in attracting FDI (Moosa Cardak 2003). This plethora of empirical studies have tested and explored the effect of a range of macroeconomic determinants including GDP, GDP growth rate, real GDP per capita, exchange rate policy, openness of the economy, financial stability and physical infrastructure among others. There have also been studies dealing with the impact of socio-political factors such as political stability, education, corruption, political freedom etc., on FDI flows (Dar et al., 2004). The empirical investigation in this paper focuses more on the macroeconomic determinants (pull factors) that will influence the FDI flows in the host country in particular Mauritius by using a time series analysis. Although there have been diverse methodologies used for the determinants of FDIs, it has also been controversial (especially when it comes to the causality effect between FDI and economic growth) so that it is difficult to have a simple model or any strong theoretical foundation to guide an empirical analysis on these issues. Kok, R and Ersoy B A in 2009 have stated that A large number of studies have been conducted to identify the determinants of FDI but no consensus has emerged, in the sense that there is no widely accepted set of explanatory variables that can be regarded as true determinants of FDI. While some parameters are comprehensively discussed and of high relevance, it remains unclear how these interact. However, the results of past studies be it panel data or t ime series analysis for a specific category of countries or regions have been employed as an imperfect but useful guide. Given the vast amount of empirical literature on the determinants of FDI especially during the last few decades, the present section will elaborate on those studies which take on board Mauritius be it as small island economies or as a regional economic community namely SADC, Sub-Saharan African countries. Also those studies will be taken on board where time series analysis have been undertaken for specific countries using almost the same key determinants for FDI as those being proposed in the model of this paper. Wint and Williams (2002), Thomas et al (2005) and Wijeweera and Mounter (2008) have been using economic factors such as the target countrys market size, income level, market growth rate, inflation rates, interest rate and current account positions to explain the determinants of FDI. They found that a positive interest rate differential assist in attracting FDI inflows as MNCs get the incentive to invest in foreign countries with positive interest rate differential barring the fact that there is no major fluctuation in the exchange rate. In the same vein, Cleeve  (2008) using a multivariate regression model for 16 Sub Saharan Countries and trying to capture economic stability through the proxy (nominal exchange rate adjusted deflator), has shown that this variable is statistically effective. Rogoff and Reinhart (2002) and Wint and Williams (2002) show that a stable country attracts more FDI implying that a low inflation environment is desirable to promote capital inflows. Ali and Guo (2005) and Choudhury and Mavrotas (2006) have indicated that there is a strong relationship between the money growth acting as a proxy for financial stability in the host country and its effects in attracting FDI. Asiedu (2006) using a panel data for 22 Sub Saharan African countries has also shown that inflation rate depicts a negatively and statistically significant effect. However, under Mhlanga et al (2010) multivariate regression model for 14 SADC countries (Southern African Development Community), the inflation rate independent variable does not have any effect as it is statistically insignificant. In terms of the importance of capturing human capital development, both Asiedu (2006) and Cleeve (2008) made use of the percentage of adult literacy and secondary school education index respectively. Both indicators have proved to be not only positive (that is higher stock of human capital will increase FDI) but also statistically significant. According to Helleiner (1998), investment incentives by host country such as tax holiday appear to play a limited role to attract the MNCs as those incentives are believed to compensate for other comparative disadvantages. On the contrary, it is generally believed that removing restrictions and providing good operating conditions will positively affect FDI inflows. This has been reinforced through Cleeve (2008) whereby he found that proxies like temporary tax incentives, tax concessions and profit repatriation when used to capture financial and economic  incentives are statistically insignificant. It goes without saying that in order to attract FDI, economic liberalization is important both internally and externally. This has been translated in several empirical studies even for SADC countries and Sub Saharan African countries from Cleeve (2008) and Mhlanga et al (2010). The famous proxy used for openness of the economy, remains the total value of exports plus imports divided by the level of national income (GDP) although Asiedu (2006) uses an openness index from the International Country Risk Guide which also proved to be positive and statistically significant. In 2008, D.Ramjee Singh, Hilton McDavid, A.Birch and Allan Wright used a linear cross-sectional model of 29 small developing countries having a population of less than 5 million to test for the statistical significance of the determinants of FDI. They found that several of the traditional variables such as infrastructure, economic growth and openness to trade do promote the flow of FDI to small developing nation states. The focus of tourism has also been highlighted in the study. Contrary to expectation the role of market size as a determinant was found to be insignificant basically as the sample taken being small economies. With regard to infrastructure per se, Asiedu (2006) and Mhlanga et al (2010) have pointed out that the proxies (number of phone lines per 1,000 inhabitants and number of landline and mobile subscribers per 1,000 inhabitants) did matter for the 22 Sub Saharan African countries and 14 SADC countries respectively. There has been previous research done with regards to the determinants of FDI in  Mauritius (Seetanah B and Rojid S; 2011) applying a reduced-form specification for a demand for inward direct investment function using dynamic framework and a differenced vector autoregressive model using data from 1990 to 2007. The variables used were size of the country, wage rate, trade/GDP, the secondary education enrolment rate and tax rate. The findings revealed that the most instrumental factors appear to be trade openness, wages and quality of labour in the country. Size of market is reported to have relatively lesser impact on FDI. The present research would use more independent variables in view of capturing a maximum variation of the model and also using data from year 1976 to 2011 which would enable the capturing of the impact of the global financial crisis of 2007/2008. There were also important policy decisions taken in the period post 2006 and the present model would try to capture the effect of those important policies. New explanatory variables would supplement the existing literature on the determinants of FDI in Mauritius and trying to use those independent variables would capture the maximum variation in the FDI inflows.